CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS - NIOSICT Applications. Basic Concepts of Computer. Computer is an electronic device which is used to store the data, as per given instructions it gives results quickly and accurately. Define Characteristics. Characteristics synonyms, Characteristics pronunciation, Characteristics translation, English dictionary definition of Characteristics. Being a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing. What makes an effective employee training program? These 9 characteristics are consistently present in top. There are many elements to an organizational. Fundamentals of Computer Systems: Hardware and software. Characteristics of Effective Training Programs. And of course designing a training program is much more complicated than just following the. Characteristics of a Good Management Information System. Management information systems (MIS) is an organized approach to gathering information from company operations and making a strategic management decision. The 7 elements of a successful security awareness program. Anyone responsible for running a security awareness program should first at least attempt to obtain strong support, before focusing on anything else. Common Characteristics And Elements In A Computer ProgramData : Data is a raw material of information. Computer only will be computer if it has INPUT DEVICE, PROCESS UNIT, and OUTPUT DEVICE. There are so many type of HDD available in the market, i. SATA, PATA, External HDD, Internal HDD. There are plenty of printer available in the market like inkjet, Laser printer, dot matrix printer etc. This is also called main memory of the computer. Whatever data is written in this memory, is lost after switching off the system. Data is written in this memory by the vendor of the computer permanently. It is an output device as monitor. We can modify, and use it under the same license. Computer or any electronic device only understand this language. Binary number i. e 0 and 1. Decimal Number System : Base of Decimal is 1. Hexadecimal Number System : Base of this number system is 1. A B C D E F. Operating System Windows : This is an Proprietary Operating system and vendor is Microsoft. Windows 2. 00. 7, Windows vista, Windows 2. Virus requires a carrier while worms does this by itself. Worm does not requires any carrier. Main purpose of hacking to steal the private data or alter the actual data. Example : Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) , EDVAC. Second Generation (1. Let us discuss them briefly. A powerful computer is capable of performing about 3- 4 million simple instructions per second. Errors that may occur can almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate data, poorly designed system or faulty instructions/programs written by the programmer). Unlike human beings, computers are highly consistent. They do not suffer from human traits of boredom and tiredness resulting in lack of concentration. Computers, therefore, are better than human beings in performing voluminous and repetitive jobs. The presence of computers can be seen in almost every sphere . A piece of information once recorded (or stored) in the computer, can never be forgotten and can be retrieved almost instantaneously. Computer Processor Characteristics - i. Fixit. Here are the important characteristics of processors: Processor make and model . Although competing models from the two companies have similar features and performance, you cannot install an AMD processor in an Intel- compatible motherboard or vice versa. Socket type . If you are replacing the processor in a Socket 4. Table 5- 1 describes upgradability issues by processor socket. Table 5- 1: Upgradability by processor socket type. Clock speed . For example, a 3. GHz Prescott- core Pentium 4 is about 6. GHz Prescott- core Pentium 4, as the relative clock speeds would suggest. However, a 3. 0 GHz Celeron processor is slower than a 2. GHz Pentium 4, primarily because the Celeron has a smaller L2 cache and uses a slower host- bus speed. Similarly, when the Pentium 4 was introduced at 1. GHz, its performance was actually lower than that of the 1 GHz Pentium III processor that it was intended to replace. That was true because the Pentium 4 architecture is less efficient clock- for- clock than the earlier Pentium III architecture. Clock speed is useless for comparing AMD and Intel processors. AMD processors run at much lower clock speeds than Intel processors, but do about 5. Broadly speaking, an AMD Athlon 6. GHz has about the same overall performance as an Intel Pentium 4 running at 3. GHz.'''MODEL NUMBERS VERSUS CLOCK SPEEDS'''. Because AMD is always at a clock speed disadvantage versus Intel, AMD uses model numbers rather than clock speeds to designate their processors. For example, an AMD Athlon 6. GHz may have the model number 3. GHz Intel model. For example, 2. GHz Northwood- core Pentium 4 processors were made in three variants: the Pentium 4/2. MHz FSB, the Pentium 4/2. B the 5. 33 MHz FSB, and the Pentium 4/2. C the 8. 00 MHz FSB. When Intel introduced a 2. GHz Pentium 4 based on their new Prescott- core, they designated it the Pentium 4/2. E. With the exception of a few older models, all Intel processors are now designated by model number as well. Unlike AMD, whose model numbers retain a vestigial hint at clock speed, Intel model numbers are completely dissociated from clock speeds. For example, the Pentium 4 5. GHz. The models of that processor that run at 3. GHz are designated 5. Host- bus speed . A faster host- bus speed contributes to higher processor performance, even for processors running at the same clock speed. AMD and Intel implement the path between memory and cache differently, but essentially FSB is a number that reflects the maximum possible quantity of data block transfers per second. Given an actual host- bus clock rate of 1. MHz, if data can be transferred four times per clock cycle (thus . A 2. 8 GHz Pentium 4 with a host- bus speed of 8. MHz is marginally faster than a Pentium 4/2. MHz host- bus speed, which in turn is marginally faster than a Pentium 4/2. MHz host- bus speed. One measure that Intel uses to differentiate their lower- priced Celeron processors is a reduced host- bus speed relative to current Pentium 4 models. Celeron models use 4. MHz and 5. 33 MHz host- bus speeds. All Socket 7. 54 and Socket 9. AMD processors use an 8. MHz host- bus speed. The size of Layer 1 cache (L1 cache, also called Level 1 cache), is a feature of the processor architecture that cannot be changed without redesigning the processor. Layer 2 cache (Level 2 cache or L2 cache), though, is external to the processor core, which means that processor makers can produce the same processor with different L2 cache sizes. For example, various models of Pentium 4 processors are available with 5. KB, 1 MB, or 2 MB of L2 cache, and various AMD Sempron models are available with 1. KB, 2. 56 KB, or 5. KB of L2 cache. For some applications particularly those that operate on small data sets a larger L2 cache noticeably increases processor performance, particularly for Intel models. This occurred because Prescott was not a simple die shrink of Northwood. Instead, Intel completely redesigned the Northwood core, adding features such as SSE3 and making huge changes to the basic architecture. AMD and Intel continually attempt to reduce process size (called a die shrink) to get more processors from each silicon wafer, thereby reducing their costs to produce each processor. Pentium II and early Athlon processors used a 3. Pentium III and some Athlon processors used a 1. Recent AMD and Intel processors use a 1. Process size matters because, all other things being equal, a processor that uses a smaller process size can run faster, use lower voltage, consume less power, and produce less heat. Processors available at any given time often use different fab sizes. For example, at one time Intel sold Pentium 4 processors that used the 1. AMD has simultaneously sold Athlon processors that used the 2. When you choose an upgrade processor, give preference to a processor with a smaller fab size. Special features . Here are five potentially important features that are available with some, but not all, current processors. All of these features are supported by recent versions of Windows and Linux: SSE3 . An application that supports SSE3 can run from 1. SSE3 than on one that does not. In 2. 00. 4, AMD introduced 6. Athlon 6. 4 processors. Officially, AMD calls this feature x. AMD6. 4. Critically, AMD6. Intel, who had been championing their own 6. EM6. 4T (Extended Memory 6. Technology). For now, 6. Microsoft offers a 6. Windows XP, and most Linux distributions support 6. That may change when Microsoft (finally) ships Windows Vista, which will take advantage of 6. Protected execution . NX and XDB serve the same purpose, allowing the processor to determine which memory address ranges are executable and which are non- executable. If code, such as a buffer- over- run exploit, attempts to run in non- executable memory space, the processor returns an error to the operating system. NX and XDB have great potential to reduce the damage caused by viruses, worms, Trojans, and similar exploits, but require an operating system that supports protected execution, such as Windows XP with Service Pack 2. Power reduction technology . In both cases, technology used in mobile processors has been migrated to desktop processors, whose power consumption and heat production has become problematic. Essentially, these technologies work by reducing the processor speed (and thereby power consumption and heat production) when the processor is idle or lightly loaded. Intel refers to their power reduction technology as EIST (Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology). The AMD version is called Cool'n'Quiet. Either can make minor but useful reductions in power consumption, heat production, and system noise level. Dual- core support . The obvious solution was to put two processor cores in one processor package. Again, AMD led the way with its elegant Athlon 6. X2 series processors, which feature two tightly integrated Athlon 6. Once again forced to play catch- up, Intel gritted its teeth and slapped together a dual- core processor that it calls Pentium D. The engineered AMD solution has several benefits, including high performance and compatibility with nearly any older Socket 9. The slapdash Intel solution, which basically amounted to sticking two Pentium 4 cores on one chip without integrating them, resulted in two compromises. First, Intel dual- core processors are not backward- compatible with earlier motherboards, and so require a new chipset and a new series of motherboards. Second, because Intel more or less simply glued two of their existing cores onto one processor package, power consumption and heat production are extremely high, which means that Intel had to reduce the clock speed of Pentium D processors relative to the fastest single- core Pentium 4 models. All of that said, the Athlon 6. X2 is by no means a hands- down winner, because Intel was smart enough to price the Pentium D attractively. The least expensive Athlon X2 processors sell for more than twice as much as the least expensive Pentium D processors. Although prices will undoubtedly fall, we don't expect the pricing differential to change much. Intel has production capacity to spare, while AMD is quite limited in its ability to make processors, so it's likely that AMD dual- core processors will be premium priced for the foreseeable future. Unfortunately, that means that dual- core processors are not a reasonable upgrade option for most people. Intel dual- core processors are reasonably priced but require a motherboard replacement. AMD dual- core processors can use an existing Socket 9. HYPER- THREADING VERSUS DUAL CORE'''. Some Intel processors support ''Hyper- Threading Technology (HTT)'', which allows those processors to execute two program threads simultaneously. Programs that are designed to use HTT may run 1. HTT- enabled processor than on a similar non- HTT model. An HTT processor has one core that can sometimes run multiple threads; a dual- core processor has two cores, which can always run multiple threads. Core names and core steppings . A processor sold under a particular name may use any of several cores. For example, the first Intel Pentium 4 processors used the Willamette core. Later Pentium 4 variants have used the Northwood core, Prescott- core, Gallatin core, Prestonia core, and Prescott 2. M core. Similarly, various Athlon 6. Clawhammer core, Sledgehammer core, Newcastle core, Winchester core, Venice core, San Diego core, Manchester core, and Toledo core. Using a core name is a convenient shorthand way to specify numerous processor characteristics briefly. For example, the Clawhammer core uses the 1. KB L2 cache, and supports the NX and X8. SSE3 or dual- core operation. Conversely, the Manchester core uses the 9. KB L2 cache, and supports the SSE3, X8. NX, and dual- core features. You can think of the processor core name as being similar to a major version number of a software program.
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